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Subject Area Indicators and Key Word List for Rest
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Subject Area Indicators and Key Word List for Restricted Data and
Formerly Restricted Data
REV:4/24/96
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Office of Declassification
Outreach Program
(301) 903-7567
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Table of Contents
Purpose of this Booklet
Restricted Data (RD) and Formerly Restricted Data (FRD)
RD and FRD are different than other types of classified
information
What to do if you have documents with RD or FRD
Questions???
Subject areas that are likely to contain RD or FRD
Nuclear weapon design, fabrication, and utilization.
Inertial confinement fusion.
Military nuclear reactors.
Nuclear material production.
Production Reactors.
Isotope Separation.
Key words or phrases that might indicate RD or FRD
Atomic or nuclear device, weapon, explosive, or warhead
Weapon configurations
Nuclear weapon effects
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
Military nuclear reactors/ test and other reactors
Reactor production of special nuclear materials (SNM)
Isotope separation (gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuge, other
methods)
Sites or organizations associated with RD or FRD
Possible Markings
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Purpose of this Booklet
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This booklet is intended to assist the many Government and
industry personnel who generate or review classified documents. Its
purpose is to help you detect the possible presence of classified
nuclear information in documents. Classified nuclear information
follows different rules than other, more familiar kinds of classified
information. Classified nuclear information should be marked as
"Restricted Data" (RD) or "Formerly Restricted Data" (FRD).
However, the Department of Energy (DOE) has found that many
documents with classified nuclear information (particularly
historical documents) are not marked to indicate that they contain
RD or FRD. Consequently, DOE is concerned that these
documents may not receive proper safeguarding and might be
improperly declassified and released.
The principal goal of this booklet is to increase awareness
concerning this issue during a heightened time of declassification
activity and to provide initial assistance in handling collections that
contain or may contain RD or FRD information. If your
organization is involved in declassification activity, the DOE
encourages you to request additional training and assistance. DOE
provides a one and a half hour briefing for the recognition of RD
and FRD and can provide other assistance as needed. Note that this
booklet is unclassified and is necessarily limited in its effort to
identify classified nuclear information.
This booklet is not a classification guide and does not provide the
authority to declassify RD or FRD, but is intended only as an
awareness tool to assist in identifying unmarked RD or FRD.
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Restricted Data (RD) and Formerly Restricted Data (FRD)
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Since their introduction at the end of World War II, nuclear
weapons have been seen as so radically different from other
weaponry, so uniquely destructive, that extraordinary measures are
needed to slow their spread. To this end, the Congress enacted the
Atomic Energy Act to assure firm government control over all
aspects of nuclear technology relating to the creation, design,
production, or use of nuclear weapons.
The term "Restricted Data" means all data concerning (1) design,
manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; (2) the production
of special nuclear material; or (3) the use of special nuclear
material in the production of nuclear energy, but shall not include
data declassified or removed from the Restricted Data category
pursuant to section 142 of the Atomic Energy Act.
The term "Formerly Restricted Data" means classified information
which has been removed from the Restricted Data category after
DOE and the Department of Defense (DOD) have jointly
determined that it relates primarily to the military utilization of
atomic weapons, and can be adequately safeguarded as national
security information.
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RD and FRD are different than other types of classified information
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The Atomic Energy Act protects nuclear weapons-related
information by providing it with a unique system of classification.
This statute-based system operates outside of the system
established by Executive Order (EO) 12958 for all other
government classified information. RD is specifically exempted
from all provisions of EO 12958. In particular, RD is never subject
to automatic declassification but can only be declassified by the
Secretary of Energy or delegated DOE authority. RD is generally
technical. Some of it has enduring value so long as it is not
compromised. In the hands of an adversary a nuclear weapon based
on a 40-year old design would be as great a threat as a modern
weapon.
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What to do if you have documents with RD or FRD
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Historical Documents. Documents which are marked as RD or FRD
which are 25 years old or older and determined to be permanently
valuable records shall not be automatically declassified. If you have
RD or FRD historical documents, you should separate and remove
them from other classified documents to ensure that they are not
inadvertently declassified and released under EO 12958.
Current Documents. If you are generating documents which may
contain RD or FRD, you should have current classification guides
to assist you. We recommend that you contact your local
classification or security officer to obtain these guides. If you need
further assistance, please contact the DOE Office of
Declassification.
Mismarked Documents. If you come across classified documents
which are not marked as RD or FRD but contain nuclear-related
information described in this booklet, you should advise your local
classification or security officer or seek assistance from the DOE
Office of Declassification.
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Questions???
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The Office of Declassification is undertaking a focused effort to
reach Government and industry personnel with access to DOE
classified information. If you have questions, need assistance, or
would like more information on RD or FRD, please contact the
Office of Declassification Outreach Hotline at (301) 903-7567.
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Subject areas that are likely to contain RD or FRD
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This section describes the subject areas that are most likely to
contain classified nuclear information, but keep in mind that these
subject areas and the key word list that follows are not all
inclusive.
Nuclear weapon design, fabrication, and utilization.
Nuclear weapons apply the physical phenomenon of nuclear
fission-the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus by absorption of a
neutron-to cause the explosion of kilogram quantities of uranium
or plutonium and the release of explosive energy ("yield") many
orders of magnitude greater than would be possible from a similar
amount of ordinary high explosives. The two basic designs of these
fission type weapons are the gun-assembled weapon like the Little
Boy which was dropped on Hiroshima during World War II, and
the implosion-assembled weapon like the Fat Man which was
dropped on Nagasaki.
Some nuclear weapons also use the process of thermonuclear
fusion-the joining together of light nuclei at very high
temperatures. In a boosted implosion weapon, the fusion reaction is
used to produce additional neutrons and enhance (boost) the
fission yield. In a thermonuclear (staged) weapon, the energy
released by the fusion reaction is a significant part of the yield.
Information revealing weapon configurations, design principles and
details, mode of operation, tests, yields, methods for
command/control (use control), targeting information, disablement,
stockpile information (storage locations, theater allocations, and
maintenance information), and vulnerabilities to sabotage or
countermeasures usually is classified as RD or FRD. RD or FRD
(but not bearing RD or FRD markings) is perhaps most likely to be
found in documents dealing with weapon delivery systems such as
missiles or aircraft, or with defense against such systems.
Inertial confinement fusion.
This laboratory-scale research attempts to use certain directed
power sources-typically very large lasers but also accelerator-
produced particle beams-to compress and heat a tiny target
containing small quantities of fusion fuel (deuterium and tritium) to
thermonuclear ignition conditions. The resulting "microexplosion"
resembles a miniaturized thermonuclear weapon. Therefore, target
design and operation information judged to be particularly
revealing of related nuclear weapons technology is classified as
RD.
Military nuclear reactors.
Nuclear reactors use the fission reaction to generate energy for
conversion to electric power or other application, but in a much
slower, controlled manner than occurs in a nuclear explosion.
Information in this area that is still classified as RD includes
design, development, testing, and operation of reactor power
systems for military purposes, especially for naval nuclear
propulsion, and information concerning capabilities and
vulnerabilities. The emphasis here is on "military" or "naval" since
all aspects of civilian nuclear power (e.g., commercial electric
power generation) are unclassified.
Nuclear material production.
The most certain way to discourage the proliferation of nuclear
weapons is to deny access to critical materials needed for nuclear
weapon production. Numerous materials are needed; however, the
most costly and technically difficult materials to produce are the
most important. These include fissile materials such as plutonium-
239 (Pu-239) and uranium-235 (U-235) as well as tritium, an
isotope of hydrogen. The costly and elaborate methods developed
to produce these materials are still classified as RD. Generally,
there are two main methods used to produce these materials:
production reactors and isotopic enrichment.
Production Reactors.
Plutonium does not occur naturally but must be produced in
specially designed nuclear reactors (production reactors). The
hydrogen isotope tritium required for boosting fission weapons is
also made in such reactors. Information describing the nuclear fuel
and "target" elements used in the reactors and other detailed
features of the production process may be classified as RD.
Vacuum furnace operations, chemical separation, and isotope
enrichment are all used in producing the final products from these
reactors and details about these operations may be classified as RD.
Isotope Separation.
Unlike plutonium, uranium occurs naturally and is relatively
plentiful. However, only the lighter isotope U-235, which makes up
only 0.7% of the natural element, is useful for a fission explosion.
Extracting this isotope from natural uranium requires a process that
can separate the U-235 from the slightly heavier but much more
common isotope U-238. This has been done by diffusion
techniques (gaseous diffusion), which exploit slight thermal speed
differences between gas molecules containing the different
isotopes; by centrifuge, which exploits the difference in inertial
mass; and by laser separation techniques, which exploit isotopic
differences in atomic spectra. Information potentially classified as
RD includes process and design details of these different isotope
separation methods, and the amounts and specifications of material
prepared for the weapons program. Of particular concern for the
gaseous diffusion method of separation is the protection of barrier
technology which refers to specialized "barriers" through which the
gas diffuses.
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Key words or phrases that might indicate RD or FRD
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Atomic or nuclear device, weapon, explosive, or warhead
active protection
automatic disablement
anti-tampering device
boosted, boosting
casing material
chain reaction (fission)
circular-error probability (CEP)
channel, radiation channel
critical mass
D-T gas
deployments
detonator, detonation system, detonator cables (implosion
assembled)
deuterium (D, 2 H)
device
dial-a-yield, selectable yields
dimensions, weights
disablement, command disablement
enhanced radiation
event (nuclear weapon test)
Fat Man (Trinity test, Nagasaki combat drop)
firing set
first stage or primary
fission/fission chain reaction
fusion, thermonuclear fusion
fuze
gun-assembled (GA)
hardening
height-of-burst (HOB)
highly enriched uranium (HEU)
hydrogen weapon, hydrogen bomb
implosion
implosion-assembled (IA) weapon
initiator, initiation, pre-initiation
initiator/nuclear weapon initiator types:
alpha-n initiator
internal initiator
neutron generator
insensitive high explosive (IHE)
interstage coupling
interval time
Joint Task Force (JTF)
limited-life component (boosted nuclear weapon)
lithium, lithium deuteride, lithium-6, or Li-6
Little Boy (Hiroshima combat drop)
neutron
neutron generator
nuclear test, test series
one-point safe
oralloy
permissive action link, PAL
pit, sealed pit, weapon pit
Plowshare Program
plutonium, plutonium-239, Pu-239, or any of its other isotopes
(Pu-238, Pu-240, etc.)
primary
production quantities of weapons
Project Matterhorn
Project Whitney
pusher
radiating fuze
radiation flow
radiation implosion
radiation case
radius of damage
reflectors, reflector material
release codes
reservoir, gas reservoir, tritium reservoir
retirement, reuse
safing
salvage fuze
secondary
staged, second stage, thermonuclear weapon
stockpile, stockpile quantity information
theater allocation
subcategorization
numbers/types/locations
subcritical mass
supercritical mass
tamper
thermonuclear (TN) reaction/weapon
Trinity
tritium (T, T-3, or H-3)
tuballoy
uranium, uranium-235, or any of its other isotopes (U-233, U-234,
etc.)
weapons-grade [material]
X-unit
yield (kilotons (KT), megatons (MT))
yield-to-weight
Weapon configurations
Schematic depictions of nuclear weapons may be found in
classified documents that are lacking RD markings. Virtually all
weapons schematics are classified as RD. Determining the
classification of figures and drawings is difficult, so all such
drawings should remain classified or should be referred to DOE for
review.
Nuclear weapon effects
blast
blackout, radar blackout
damage radius
effects test
electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
enhanced radiation, rays
fallout
fireball
gamma radiation
hardening
line-of-sight pipe
neutron, neutron radiation, neutron spectrum, neutron bomb
radiation, especially prompt radiation or radiation dose
radiochemical tracer
tailored outputs/tailored weapons
vulnerability
x-ray spectrum
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
direct drive
hohlraum
ICF target
indirect drive
laser fusion
particle-beam (light ion, heavy ion) fusion
Military nuclear reactors/test and other reactors
chain reaction
cladding (fuel)
coolant pump
coolant inlet and outlet nozzles
control rod/control rod drive mechanism (CRDM)
fission
fuel cell
quieting
directed nuclear energy
inlet plenum
Multihundred Watt (MHW) radioisotope generators
neutron
naval reactors
naval nuclear propulsion
outlet plenum
pressure vessel
pressurizer
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
primary system
reactor vessel
scram (automatic shutdown)
steam generator
space power reactor (SPR)
shield, shielding
thermal electric converters
thermal shield
tube bundle
Reactor production of special nuclear materials (SNM)
chain reaction (fission)
deuterium
fuel reprocessing
Hanford reactors
lithium, lithium-6, or Li-6
nuclear material
N-reactor
palladium diffusion
plutonium production
production information
production rates of nuclear materials
production quantities of nuclear materials
weapons program allocations of nuclear materials
production reactor
PUREX process
Savannah River reactors
special nuclear material (SNM)
target/target technology/target materials
thermal cycling and absorption process (TCAP)
tritium production
vacuum furnace
Isotope separation (gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuge,
other methods)
assay (isotope enrichment)
atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS)
barrier/barrier technology
bundle
cascade
centrifuge machine
compressor nozzles
calutrons/cyclotrons (electromagnetic isotope separation)
deuterium production
diffuser/diffusion stage
diffusion barrier
electromagnetic isotope separation -- Calutron
enrichment
highly enriched (HE)
isotopic enrichment
very highly enriched (VHE)
gas centrifuge
gaseous diffusion
laser isotope separation
lithium enrichment
molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS)
seal/seal technology
stage(d) gaseous diffusion/gaseous centrifuge
thermal diffusion
uranium hexafluoride
uranium enrichment
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Sites or organizations associated with RD or FRD
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Key sites and organizations that may be found in conjunction with
nuclear information and potential RD:
Albuquerque Operations Office (ALO)
ACF Industries
Air Force Office - Atomic Testing (AFOAT)
Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC)
Air Force Tactical Applications Center (AFTAC)
Allied Signal Kansas City
Amchitka
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP)
Ashtabula
Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, Atomic Energy (ATSD-AE)
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), UK
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), UK
Bendix Kansas City
Bethe Panel
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
Bikini, Bikini Atoll
Burlington Industries
Christmas Island
Clinton Engineer Works (Oak Ridge)
Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA)
Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA)
Division of Military Application (DMA)
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)
Eniwetok, Eniwetak, Enewetak
Fernald
GE Pinellas
Hanford
Hiroshima
Johnston Island
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE)
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Kwajalein
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL)
Manhattan Project, Manhattan Engineering District (MED)
Military Liaison Committee (MLC)
Mound Laboratories
Nagasaki
Nevada Operations Office (NVO)
Nevada Test Site (NTS)
Nuclear weapons complex
Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant
Oak Ridge K-25 Site
Pacific Test Range
Pantex
Paducah Site or Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Pittsburgh Naval Reactors Office
Portsmouth Site or Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Richland
Rocky Flats
S-50 Thermal Diffusion Plant
Sandia National Laboratory (SNL)
Sandia Laboratories (SL)
Savannah River
University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL)
X-10 Plutonium Production Reactor
Z-Plant Plutonium Separation Facility, Hanford
100-B Plutonium Production Reactor, Hanford
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Possible Markings
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The markings listed below indicate that the document may contain
RD or FRD, even if not otherwise marked:
Atomal (NATO)
ATOMIC (UK)
Cosmic (NATO)
Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information (CNWDI)
NOFORN
Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information (NNPI)
Protect as Restricted Data (PARD)
Sigma [n], where n is a number
Weapon Data
REV:4/24/96
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