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Historical look at Robert Hanna, 19th cent. American statesman

ROBERT HANNA: THEORETICAL TERRORIST
IN ABOLITIONISM AND ANTIMASONRY

By Erving E. Beauregard

ONLINE MODERN HISTORY REVIEW,
I, December 1992

==============================

The United States of America in the nineteenth century harboured movements
filled with passion and arousing counter-rage; at one end of the political
stage stood the antislavery advocates William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell
Phillips, whose thunderous orations moved men and women to the cause; at
the other end stood the antimasons, William H. Seward and Thaddeus
Stevens, who waged a more ephemeral, but yet momentarily effective,
onslaught against the secrecy and presumed power of the Freemasons. In
the charged and passionate atmosphere of the time, combining fervent
abolitionism and uncompromising antimasonry was an uncommon occurrence,
yet one extraordinary crusader -- Robert Hanna -- joined combat for both
on the local, state, and national scenes.
Historiography, sadly, has neglected Hanna. This is true of works on
abolitionism by such writers as Gilbert H. Barnes, Dwight Lowell Dumond
and Louis Filler. [1] Hanna also has escaped recognition by scholars of
antimasonry, including Charles McCarthy, William Preston Vaughn, and
George Hubbard Blakeslee. [2]
Robert Hanna was born in 1800 at Green Township, Harrison County,
Ohio. For several years he laboured on the family farm, but in 1819 his
father concluded that Robert should receive an education in preparation
for a professional career. Thus he was enrolled at newly founded Alma
Academy, New Athens, Harrison County, Ohio. [3] Under the guidance of
the Reverend John Walker, the Academy's founder and pioneer Associate
Presbyterian missionary in eastern Ohio, Hanna was immersed in the Bible
and the Declaration of Independence, immortal masterpieces which, Walker
impressed on his charge, faced "critical onslaughts from the minions of
the Evil One," i.e., slaveowners and Freemasons. [4]
In 1821, Hanna enrolled at Jefferson College, Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania. Very soon double disappointment gripped him; his encounters
with the sons of slaveowners and Freemasons scarred his freshman year. In
letters to his brother, he described the sons of slaveowners "as strutting
peacocks who delighted in praising that heinous institution, slavery."
[5] The sons of the Freemasons he labelled "terrible poseurs" and acidly
remarked they "hypocritically asserted that their fathers and relatives
belonged to that most human order, Freemasonry, which most self-
sacrificingly advances the cause of mankind." [6] At the end of his
unhappy freshman year Hanna decided to abandon Jefferson College.
However, his father prevailed upon him to remain one more year. When that
expired, Hanna gladly left. [7]
In 1822, Hanna enrolled at Greeneville College; affiliated with the
Presbyterian Church U.S.A., the institution was located in eastern
Tennessee, an area unfriendly to slavery. At Greeneville Hanna felt much
more at home. He thought well of the Greeneville faculty, but none had
the fascination for him as had the Reverend John Walker at Alma Academy.
[8] Many of his classmates shared his antislavery ideas; however, some
were indifferent on the issue and, characteristically, Hanna attempted to
bring them over to his side. Inevitably, Hanna also broached his
antimasonic outlook to fellow students, but this matter drew less response
for few were cognizant of Freemasonry or secret orders in general.
After receiving the Bachelor of Arts in 1824 Hanna set on a legal
career under the critical eye of Chauncey Dewey at Cadiz, Harrison County,
Ohio. A graduate of Union College, Schenecdtady, New York, Dewey was a
distinguished lawyer whose learning and activity impressed Hanna.
Nevertheless, the latter did not kowtow to his mentor on one issue --
slavery. Dewey upheld the gradual abolition of slavery and compensation
to the slaveowners whereas Hanna demanded immediate abolition and no
reparation to slaveowners; indeed, Hanna insisted that the slaves, once
freed, should be indemnified for their bondage through fines levied on
their ex-masters. Hanna's zeal occasionally irritated the gentlemanly
Dewey, but he continued to tutor his promising student. [9]
Hanna entered the legal profession to further the destruction of
slavery and Freemasonry. [10] He longed to defend indigent clients in
their just causes; yet he had the sense to take affluent clients to
augment his income from the farm he inherited from his father.
Slavery, he considered, an utterly atrocious abomination that must be
eradicated tooth and branch and he proposed atrocious means to this end.
"The slaves must rise. They must revolt," he wrote,

They must kill their masters who will try to suppress
their just uprising. The good white people must join
in smashing the odious slavocracy. There cannot be,
indeed must never be, any compromise with that most
obnoxious of human inventions, slavery. Practically
every means, every device, every way must be employed
to eradicate it. [11]

Similarly, Hanna advocated violence against the Masons. Echoing the
Reverend John Walker, he declared:

Freemasonry is Satanism incarnate. It exists for
Satan's minions to overthrow the agencies of decency
and inaugurate a regime of unholy orders. It is
controlled by impious wretches whose blasphemous rites
-- oaths, handshakes, candles, jewels -- bind them to
further their obscene scheme to manipulate the world.
[12]

"Burn the lodges of utterly wicked Freemasonry," was his solution to the
Freemason blight. [13]
However, the firebrand Hanna shifted to moderation in action. He
concluded that it was wise and, truly, proper to defer to the cautionary
counsel coming from three sources: his wife, Sara, the Reverend John
Walker, and Thaddeus Stevens. Mrs. Hanna, a Quaker, abhorred violence.
Ordinarily reticent, she would wax eloquent on the appropriate course
against slavery and Masonry. "My beloved spouse," he wrote, "a gentle and
kind person, would severely remonstrate with me when I sought her
attention for my opinions. She would invoke the time-long admonitions of
her faith on conflict in the world. Ultimately, I would bow to her
sageness." [14]
The advice of his teacher and good friend, the Reverend John Walker,
was highly valued. [15] The latter vehemently assailed and actively
worked against slavery and Freemasonry. [16] Hanna was convinced by
Walker's argument that the "Deity's Design" meant that perceptive persons
who discerned the inequity of both slavery and Masonry would ultimately
persuade the electorate to abolish those "unholy entities." Hanna acceded
to that belief because "John Walker embodied Biblical and secular
rationale that was flawless." [17]
Counselled by wife and mentor to rein in his violent proclivities,
Hanna eventually concentrated on civil devices at the local, state and
national level.
In 1834, he became a founding father of the Cadiz Anti-Slavery
Society and often served as an officer. In collaboration with his
brother, A. F. Hanna, he advanced the abolition cause. Hanna participated
frequently in the operation of the "Underground Railroad," taking
particular pride in frustrating the efforts of a notorious bounty hunter
of escaped slaves, James McCaskey of Wheeling. [18]
Hanna's immersion in abolitionism involved participation in the Ohio
Anti-Slavery Society. In 1835, he served as one of its organizers. At
its first convention, held in 1836 at Granville, the 192 delegates elected
him a "manager" for the coming year. [19] He was also named a member of
the Ohio delegation to the meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society in
New York in 1836. [20] In three subsequent conventions of the Ohio
Anti-Slavery Society he played a leading role. [21] There Hanna felt the
need to advocate violence, but demurred because of the Reverend John
Walker's counsel. [22] As an officer of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society
Hanna devoted considerable effort to organizing branches. Therein he had
considerable success. [23] Indeed, Ohio ranked only second to New York
in state antislavery society membership. [24]
Hanna also shone in the Harrison County Historical Society. As one
of its officers he played an important role in the creation of
abolitionist cells throughout the country. Furthermore, he led the
Society against the local branch of the American Colonization Society
which he described as an "Augean stable in the march against slavery."
[25] Inclined to the "proper use of tar and feathers" against "the
minions" of the Colonization Society, he harkened to his spouse's advice,
on this occasion, to use less drastic measures. However, at times he
almost repudiated her counsel. [26]
In his capacity as trustee of Franklin College at New Athens, Hanna,
in league with fellow trustee and friend, the Reverend John Walker,
succeeded in forcing the resignations of two successive presidents, the
Reverend Joseph Smith and the Reverend William Burnett; both men refused
to advocate immediate emancipation. Eventually, 1840, Walker and Hanna
found a kindred soul in the form of the Reverend Edwin H. Nevin.
Thereupon, Walker, Hanna and Nevin made Franklin College a bastion of
immediate abolitionism and directed administration, faculty and students
in a crusade for the immediate abolition of the slaves. [27]
For the next three years Hanna and Walker lobbied college presidents
throughout Ohio. The Reverend William McGuffy, president of Ohio
University and the famous author of the <Readers>, and the Reverend George
Junkin, president of Miami University, were polled for support; McGuffy
would only concede that slavery should not be allowed to spread farther
than the present states in the south while Junkin refused to bend to their
cause. [28] One measure of their success against the foes of immediate
emancipation was the demise of Providence College of New Athens in 1843.
[29]
On the national scene of abolitionism Robert Hanna preached what he
promoted in eastern Ohio, immediate, uncompensated abolition, resistance
to the slavocracy, integration of the blacks, and full American
citizenship for all races. While he approved of the American Anti-Slavery
Society's campaign to flood Congress with antislavery remonstrances, he
disagreed with the content of the petitions: ending slavery in the
District of Columbia, repealing the Three-Fifths Compromise in the
Constitution, and opposing the admission of new slave states to the Union.
Thus Hanna stood in company with William Lloyd Garrison in demanding
immediatism [30] and "No Union with Slaveholders." [31]
However, Hanna would not enter Garrison's camp because of the
stringent theological barrier. By 1837 Garrison's mouthpiece, <The
Liberator>, had essays questioning the literal truth of Scripture,
condemning denominationally organized religion, denying the authority of
ministers, and attacking the sanctity of the Sabbath ("that pernicious and
superstitious notion.") [32] For Hanna such views were those of "Anti-
Christ." [33] In May 1840, Hanna attended the convention of the Anti-
Slavery Society in New York City, determined to meet with Garrison to wean
the latter from his religious views. However, Garrison would not change.
[34]
When the American Anti-Slavery Society split in 1840, Hanna went his
own way. [35] While he agreed with the radicals' immediatism platform,
he could not stomach their anticlericalism. The conservatives, while
pro-clerical, were committed to a gradualist approach. Thus Hanna found
himself with a foot in each camp, but ideologically isolated in both.
At the root of Hanna's antimasonry campaign was the sentiment that
Freemasonry, like slavery, constituted a monster that had corrupted
humanity and undermined the God-designed order. Throughout his career,
Hanna maintained that Freemasonry had corrupted the political systems and
that its agents were found at every level of society. [36]
As a leader in the Antimasonic Party, Hanna laboured assiduously in
Ohio's Jefferson, Belmont and Harrison Counties. On one occasion he
advocated "torching" Masonic lodges. [37] However, at the conclusion of
those remarks the Reverend John Walker rushed to urge moderation and the
audience went along with that persuasive minister-academician- physician.
[38] At Barnesville in Belmont County Hanna allied with Quakers in
successful efforts in 1837 to stymie an attempt to revive Friendship Lodge
No. 89, F. & A.M. which had been disbanded in 1833. [39] In Harrison
County Hanna became a pillar of the Antimasonic Party at Cadiz and New
Athens. At the former his activity helped to prevent the organization of
a Masonic lodge until 1852. [40] At New Athens he spread the antimasonic
message to the Franklin College student body. [41]
At the state level Hanna helped organize the first Ohio Anti-Masonic
State Convention held at Canton on July 21-22, 1830. [42] At that
meeting he advised the Reverend John Walker, delegate from Harrison
County. He served as delegate during the second Ohio Anti-Masonic
Convention held at Columbus on January 11, 1831 and participated on the
Committee to Nominate Delegates to the National Convention and on the
Committee to Report Resolutions. He immediately rose when a delegate
proposed that the Ohio delegation to the forthcoming national convention
support Henry Clay for the presidential nomination on the basis, among
others, that Clay, Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Kentucky
1820-21, had demitted (resigned) from his Lexington lodge in 1824. Hanna
contended that Clay was "completely unworthy" because he was a
slaveholder. However, he gave his support to the ex-Mason Richard Rush
and his running mate, ex-President John Quincy Adams. [43]
On June 12, 1832, Hanna attended the third Ohio Anti-Masonic State
Convention at Columbus. He applauded the Convention's support of William
Wirt for president and Amos Ellmaker for vice-president. Enthusiastically
he backed the nomination of Darius Lyman, an able state senator, for
governor of Ohio. [44] His stumping on Lyman's behalf drew favourable
comments and contributed definitely to Lyman's creditable showing in
Belmont County where he won 1,905 votes against "the odious Freemason,"
the Democrat Robert Lucas's 2,095; in Harrison County similar results were
obtained, Lyman drew 1,288 votes against Lucas's 1,441. Lucas carried the
state 71,251 to 63,185 despite Hanna's efforts in the Antimasonic-
National Republican coalition. [45]
On February 21-22, 1834, Hanna was one of Harrison County's two
delegates to the fourth Ohio Anti-Masonic State Convention which convened
at Columbus. He was elected president of the Convention and named to the
committee to nominate persons to sit on the party's Central Committee of
Ohio. He fully supported the meeting's main objective: passage of a law
to suppress all extra-judicial oaths. [46] In March 1838, at Columbus
Hanna presided at the fifth and last Ohio Anti-Masonic State Convention.
The Convention appointed him to a delegation for the party's national
convention destined for Philadelphia in November 1838. The delegation was
pledged to a presidential ticket of the presumed antimasons William Henry
Harrison and Daniel Webster. [47]
Overall, the efforts of Hanna and allies can be measured in the
closing of subordinate lodges. In the ten years that Hanna was active
their number in the Grand Lodge of Ohio fell from fifty-six in 1827 to
seventeen in 1837. [48]
Hanna's participation as delegate to the United States Anti-Masonic
Convention at Philadelphia and Baltimore brought him to national
attention. [49] At the former, the first national meeting held by any
political party in the United States, Hanna was elected third vice-
president. [50]
In 1832 in Ohio, Hanna played a leading role in the presidential
race. He was a leader in opposing a deal wherein the Antimasonic Party
would support Henry Clay. Hanna campaigned vigorously for the radical
Antimasonic slate of William Wirt and Amos Ellmaker. Their defeat
chagrined Hanna. [51]
Hanna became a delegate to the National Anti-Masonic Convention on
May 4, 1836, in Philadelphia. There he seized the opportunity to garner
support for a party ticket for 1836. However, his plan failed because of
the opposition of Thaddeus Stevens. Eventually Hanna favoured the Whig
slate of William Henry Harrison and Francis Granger, both antimasons; the
latter also appealed to Hanna because he was an antislavery stalwart.
[52]
Hanna continued his participation in the Antimasonic Party. In
September 1837, he attended a national meeting of antimasons in
Washington, D.C. They voted to hold a presidential nominating convention
in 1838. [53] At that gathering on November 13-14, 1838, in
Philadelphia, Hanna was present. He supported the unanimous nomination of
William Henry Harrison for president and Daniel Webster for vice-
president. When the Whig Party chose the William Henry Harrison-John
Tyler slate, the Antimasonic Party replaced Webster with Tyler on its
ticket. Hanna energetically campaigned for the eventually triumphant
Harrison-Tyler ticket in 1840. [54]
While at Philadelphia in November, Hanna privately broached to his
fellow antimason, Thaddeus Stevens, the need to use violence to uproot
Freemasonry. However, Stevens replied that the proper method was to use
"the ballot box." [55]
Hanna did endeavour to promote antimasonry under another political
guise. This involved the submission of citizens' petitions to the Ohio
legislature. These requested that the latter investigate the "character
and operations" of Freemasonry. Hanna and others brought many petitions
to the legislature. Nonetheless, the results were nil. For example, a
House select committee reported that it had discovered that "Masonry is
the same everywhere that it is here, and here as it is everywhere else."
The Committee concluded that it was best to remit the entire question "to
the salutary action of enlightened public opinion ... " [56]
Hanna, nevertheless, continued his interest in politics. In the 1844
presidential election he blasted the Democrat, James G. Polk, as both a
Freemason and pro-slavery advocate, and attacked the Whig, Henry Clay, as
an unrepentant ex-Mason and servant of the slavocracy; thus, Hanna
campaigned for the Liberty Party candidate, James G. Birney. That
organization's demise greatly upset Hanna. [57] The 1848 presidential
election presented him with a dilemma; he could not support the Whig,
Zachary Taylor, because of his being, allegedly, a slaveholder; Hanna
detested the Democrat, Lewis Cass, as a Freemason and a puppet of the
slavocracy; Hanna regarded the Free Soiler, Martin Van Buren, as too
moderate on the slavery issue. Ultimately, Hanna concluded that the least
evil was Van Buren. [58] Again in 1852 the growingly disillusioned Hanna
backed the Free Soilers for he regarded the Whig, Winfield Scott, as
vacillating on the slavery issue; Hanna stigmatized the Democrat, Franklin
Pierce, as "another pea in the Democratic hodgepodge of feeding the slave
masters." [59] The advent of the Republican Party buoyed Hanna's faint
hopes for eradicating slavery by means of the ballot box. [60] However,
soon, 1856, death appeared.
Robert Hanna symbolized reform in nineteenth century America.
Relentlessly he used talent and tenacity against forces, slavery and
Freemasonry, he equated with subversion of the United States Republic. In
his mind he conjured up terror in assailing his two institutional foes.
In reality, acceding to moderate voices, he set aside violence. Thus
Robert Hanna also embodied nineteenth century American adhesion to common
sense sensitivity.

NOTES

[1] Gilbert H. Barnes, <The Antislavery Impulse, 1830-1844> (Gloucester:
Peter Smith, 1967); Dwight Lowell Dumond, <Antislavery: The Crusade
for Freedom in America> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1961); Louis Filler, <The Crusade Against Slavery, 1830-1860> (New
York: Harper and Brothers, 1960).

[2] Charles McCarthy, "The Antimasonic Party: A Study of Political
Antimasonry in the United States, 1827-1840," <Annual Report of the
American Historical Association for the Year 1902> (2 vols.,
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903); William Preston
Vaughn, <The Antimasonic Party in the United States 1826-1843>
(Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1983); George
Hubbard Blakeslee, "The History of the Anti-Masonic Party" (Ph.D.
dissertation, Harvard University, 1903).

[3] A. F. Hanna, "Memoir" (manuscript, n.d.), p. 28, Lloyd E. Martin
Collection, Portsmouth, Ohio. A. F. and Robert Hanna were brothers.
Alma Academy was originally named Alma Mater Academy.

[4] Robert Hanna, letter to A. F. Hanna, New Athens, Ohio, October 7,
1820, Martin Collection.

[5] Robert Hanna, letter to A. F. Hanna, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania,
November 10, 1821, Martin Collection.

[6] Robert Hanna, letter to A. F. Hanna, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania,
December 8, 1821, Martin Collection.

[7] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania,
May 4, 1821, John S. Campbell Collection, Cadiz, Ohio.

[8] Robert Hanna, letter to A. F. Hanna, Greeneville, Tennessee, February
8, 1823, Martin Collection.

[9] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz, Ohio, July 5, 1828,
Campbell Collection.

[10] Hanna, "Memoir," p. 31.

[11] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz, Ohio, July 5, 1828,
Campbell Collection.

[12] Robert Hanna, letter to Richard Miller, Cadiz, Ohio, May 9, 1829,
Martin Collection. Hanna and Miller had been classmates at
Greeneville College.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz, Ohio, October 17,
1829, Campbell Collection.

[15] The Reverend John Walker was pastor of Unity congregation of the
Associate Presbyterian Church near New Athens, Ohio, and guiding
genius of Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio.

[16] Erving E. Beauregard, <Reverend John Walker: Renaissance Man> (New
York, Bern, Frankfurt am Main, Paris: Peter Lang, 1990), pp. 87-127.

[17] Robert Hanna, letter to Richard Miller, Cadiz, Ohio, March 6, 1830,
Martin Collection.

[18] Hanna's "line" of the "Underground Railroad" ran from Wheeling (then
in Virginia) through Flushing and New Athens to Cadiz, Ohio. <Cadiz
Sentinel and Harrison County Farmer> (Cadiz, Ohio), June 16, 1842;
<Proceedings of the Cadiz Anti-Slavery Society> (Cadiz, Ohio: Cadiz
Anti- Slavery Society, 1835), p. 10.

[19] Robert Price, "The Ohio Anti-Slavery Convention of 1836," <The Ohio
State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly>, Vol. XLV, 1936, p.
183.

[20] Ibid., p. 181.

[21] <Report of the Second Anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society
Held in Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio. On the Twenty- seventh
of April, 1837> (Cincinnati: Anti-Slavery Society, 1837), p. 5;
<Report of the Third Anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society
Held in Granville, Licking County, Ohio. On the Thirteenth of May
1838> (Cincinnati: Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, 1838), p. 11; <Report
of the Fourth Anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society Held in
Putnam, Muskingum County, Ohio. On the Twenty-ninth of May 1839>
(Cincinnati: Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, 1839), p. 19.

[22] Robert Hanna, letters to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, May 6, 1837,
June 8, 1838, June 14, 1839, Martin Collection.

[23] Rev. John Walker, letter to Titus Basfield, New Athens, Ohio, March
13, 1840, Martin Collection.

[24] Leo Alilunas, "Fugitive Slave Cases in Ohio," <The Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Quarterly>, Vol. LXIX, 1940, p. 163.

[25] <Proceedings of the Harrison County Abolitionist Society> (Cadiz,
Ohio: Harrison County Abolitionist Society, 1836), p. 14.

[26] Robert Hanna, letter to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, September 9,
1837, Martin Collection. Basfield was an ex-slave who graduated at
Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio.

[27] Rev. Edwin H. Nevin, letter to Rev. Alfred Nevin, New Athens, Ohio,
June 8, 1843, Martin Collection. The Nevins were brothers.

[28] Rev. John Walker, letter to Titus Basfield, New Athens, Ohio, June 2,
1843, Martin Collection.

[29] Rev. Lemuel Fordham Leake, letter to Rev. Moses Allen, Waveland, Indi
ana, May 15, 1844, Campbell Collection. Leake was the second and
last president of Providence College, New Athens, Ohio. Allen had
been a supporter of that institution.

[30] The term can be traced to a pamphlet by Elizabeth Heyrick,
<Immediate, Not Gradual Emancipation> (London, 1824).

[31] Robert Hanna, letter to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, May 6, 1837,
Martin Collection.

[32] James Brewer Stewart, "Abolitionists and Slavery," in Ernest R.
Sandeen, <The Bible and Social Reform> (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,
1982), p. 44.

[33] Robert Hanna, letter to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, May 6, 1837,
Martin Collection.

[34] Robert Hanna, conversation with A. F. Hanna, Cadiz, Ohio, May 27,
1840, in A. F. Hanna, "Memoir," p. 67.

[35] The conservatives, gradualists and proclericals seceded to form the
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Robert Hanna, letter to
Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, November 21, 1840, Martin Collection.

[36] It stood symbolized nationally by the "high Mason," President Andrew
Jackson, Hanna trumpeted. In Ohio politics Hanna pointed to the gove
rnorship being held by successive Freemasons -- Duncan McArthur, a
National Republican, 1830-32; Robert Lucas, a Democrat, 1832-36; Jose
ph Vance, a Whig, 1836-38; Wilson Shannon, a Democrat, 1838-40
(actually he did not join Freemasonry until 1846); Thomas Corwin, a
Whig, 1840-42; and Shannon again, 1842-44. In his own bailiwick,
eastern Ohio, Hanna maintained that Masonry's pernicious influence
radiated into county politics and remained a strong factor in the
compromising camp over slavery in Cadiz. Robert Hanna, conversation
with A. F. Hanna, Cadiz, Ohio, August 15, 1829, in A. F. Hanna,
"Memoir," p. 53; Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz,
Ohio, September 12, 1834, Campbell Collection; Robert Hanna, letter
to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, November 16, 1844, Martin Collection.

[37] A. F. Hanna, letter to Rev. Richard Campbell, Cadiz, Ohio, March 20,
1834, Campbell Collection. A. F. Hanna was present at the occasion.
Campbell was president of Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio,
1833-35.

[38] Ibid.

[39] <Belmont Journal and Enquirer> (St. Clairsville, Ohio), April 9,
1836.

[40] <Liberty Courier and Register of Facts> (Cadiz, Ohio), January 13,
1853.

[41] <Cadiz Sentinel and Harrison County Farmer>, June 6, 1834.

[42] <Harrison Telegraph> (Cadiz, Ohio), July 17, 1830.

[43] Robert Hanna, conversation with A. F. Hanna, Cadiz, Ohio, September
17, 1831, in A. F. Hanna, "Memoir," p. 56.

[44] <Harrison Telegraph>, June 22, 1832.

[45] <Columbus Sentinel> (Columbus, Ohio), October 18, 1832; <National
Historian> (St. Clairsville, Ohio), October 27, 1832).

[46] <Cadiz Sentinel and Harrison County Farmer>, February 28, 1834; <Ohio
Star> (Ravenna, Ohio), March 27, 1834.

[47] <Harrison Telegraph>, March 31, 1838.

[48] <Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable
Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Ohio, At the
General Grand Communications From 1808 to 1847, Inclusive>
(Cincinnati, Ohio: M. Review Office, 1857), pp. 174, 275.

[49] The Philadelphia convention met on September 11, 1830 while the
Baltimore convention occurred September 26-28, 1831.

[50] <The Proceedings of the United States Anti-Masonic Convention Held at
Philadelphia, September 11, 1830> (Philadelphia: J. P. Trimble,
1830), p. 1.

[51] Robert Hanna, letter to Richard Miller, Cadiz, Ohio, October 12, 1832
, Martin Collection; Rev. John Walker, <Life and Writings> (Cadiz,
Ohio: privately printed, 1848), p. 98; <Columbus Sentinel>, October
25, 1832; <National Historian>, October 13, 1832; <Niles' Register>
(Baltimore, Maryland), October 27, 1832; <Ohio Register and
Anti-Masonic Review> (Columbus, Ohio), October 27, 1832; <Ohio State
Journal> (Columbus, Ohio), June 23, 1832; <St. Clairsville Gazette>
(St. Clairsville, Ohio), October 27, 1832; Charles McCarthy, "The
Antimasonic Party: A Study of Political Antimasonry in the United
States, 1827-1840," Vol. I, pp. 548-49 n.h.

[52] Robert Hanna, letter to Richard Miller, Cadiz, Ohio, July 16, 1836,
Martin Collection.

[53] <Niles' Register>, September 30, 1837; Rev. Dr. Robert Gowan Campbell,
conversation with Robert Hanna, in Campbell, "Diary" (manuscript,
n.d.), p. 104, Campbell Collection. Campbell was a student at
Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio; later he became its president.

[54] Rev. John Walker, letter to Titus Basfield, New Athens, Ohio,
September 11, 1840, Martin Collection.

[55] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz, Ohio, November 21,
1838, Campbell Collection.

[56] <Ohio Statesman and Annals of Progress from the Year 1788 to the Year
1900> (2 vols., Columbus, Ohio: Westbote Co., 1899), Vol. I, p. 166.

[57] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. John Walker, Cadiz, Ohio, February 22,
1845, Campbell Collection.

[58] Robert Hanna, letter to Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, October 7, 1848,
Martin Collection.

[59] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, October 2,
1852, Martin Collection. Basfield became an Associate Presbyterian
minister in 1850.

[60] Robert Hanna, letter to Rev. Titus Basfield, Cadiz, Ohio, August 5,
1854, Martin Collection.
 
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